{"id":1142,"date":"2018-05-02T20:22:23","date_gmt":"2018-05-02T18:22:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amasisa.com\/?p=1142"},"modified":"2021-05-20T19:37:57","modified_gmt":"2021-05-20T17:37:57","slug":"les-conditions-dun-agrosysteme-a-cacao-performant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.amasisa.com\/fr\/les-conditions-dun-agrosysteme-a-cacao-performant\/","title":{"rendered":"Les conditions d\u2019un agrosyst\u00e8me \u00e0 cacao performant"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Penser une plantation de cacao<\/p>\n<p>Bien avant la mise en terre du premier plant, il est ainsi n\u00e9cessaire de penser une plantation de cacao. Dans le cadre du lancement de Forestera, nous initions une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles sur les points cl\u00e9s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la culture (responsable) du cacao : le choix des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s, le design d\u2019une plantation agroforesti\u00e8re \u00e0 cacaoyer, l\u2019\u00e9tude des sols.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le cacaoyer est un petit arbre poussant \u00e0 l\u2019ombre des for\u00eats tropicales d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Sud. Peu productif \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat naturel, malade lorsqu\u2019il est cultiv\u00e9 en monoculture sans ombrage, sa culture durable fait donc face \u00e0 deux d\u00e9fis : recr\u00e9er une certaine ambiance de sous-bois, en s\u2019inspirant de l\u2019habitat d\u2019origine, au sein de parcelles agroforesti\u00e8res riches en essences ligneuses et fruiti\u00e8res, tout en assurant une bonne productivit\u00e9, garante de la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de l\u2019activit\u00e9. Cela passe par le choix des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s, leur densit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019hectare, le choix des arbres d\u2019ombrage, la qualit\u00e9 du cacao souhait\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le choix des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de cacao<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Depuis le d\u00e9but de notre histoire commune avec le cacaoyer, il y a plus de 3 000 ans, nous en avons s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9, crois\u00e9, acclimat\u00e9, cr\u00e9\u00e9 des centaines de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s, aussi appel\u00e9s \u00ab cultivars \u00bb. Certaines sont r\u00e9put\u00e9es pour leur productivit\u00e9, d\u2019autres pour leur caract\u00e8re fin ou aromatique. Le choix des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019une parcelle est complexe, souvent propre \u00e0 chaque plantation. Il prend en compte des consid\u00e9rations agronomiques (vari\u00e9t\u00e9s locales, souvent plus adapt\u00e9es au site, vari\u00e9t\u00e9s plus r\u00e9sistantes \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse, sensibilit\u00e9 aux maladies, etc.), organoleptiques (quelle qualit\u00e9 de cacao ? Quels assemblages, pour quels chocolats ?), \u00e9cologiques, \u00e9conomiques (quel rendement \u00e0 l\u2019hectare ?). Par ailleurs, si certaines vari\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9taient plant\u00e9es seules, elles ne produiraient pratiquement rien, leurs fleurs ne seraient pas pollinis\u00e9es, f\u00e9cond\u00e9es. Elles ont besoin de diversit\u00e9, de la pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d\u2019autres vari\u00e9t\u00e9s pour se charger en cabosses. La compatibilit\u00e9 des cacaoyers d\u2019une parcelle doit \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9e rigoureusement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le choix des essences foresti\u00e8res et fruiti\u00e8res<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Toute agriculture part du sol, une interface vivante (les mod\u00e8les intensifs l\u2019oublient), dont la dynamique requiert une liti\u00e8re riche et diversifi\u00e9e. L\u2019introduction d\u2019arbres dans les parcelles cacaoy\u00e8res permet de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer cette pr\u00e9cieuse liti\u00e8re, mais aussi d\u2019apporter l\u2019ombre n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la croissance des jeunes cacaoyers qui n\u00e9cessitent un ombrage assez fort lors des premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, de favoriser le retour d\u2019une biodiversit\u00e9 (oiseaux, insectes pollinisateurs, singes, paresseux), et \u00e9ventuellement \u00eatre une source de revenus compl\u00e9mentaires pour les producteurs comme la commercialisation de bois d\u2019\u0153uvre et de fruits. Cependant, tous les arbres ne sont pas bons \u00e0 planter parmi les cacaoyers, certains sont trop comp\u00e9titeurs, favorisent l\u2019apparition de maladie, de champignons, d\u2019insectes ravageurs, d\u2019autres acidifient le sol, ont un feuillage trop dense, o\u00f9 encore des branches qui cassent facilement. Il est aussi n\u00e9cessaire de prendre en compte le fait que l\u2019ombrage dont a besoin le cacaoyer \u00e9volue au cours des ann\u00e9es. L\u00e0 encore, les m\u00e9langes d\u2019essences sont \u00e0 \u00e9tudier avec soin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vigilance au cadmium dans les sols<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Enfin, il est une probl\u00e9matique qui touche particuli\u00e8rement les pays d\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Sud : le cadmium, un m\u00e9tal (comme le plomb, le cuivre) toxique pr\u00e9sent dans certains sols, et qui peut dans certains cas \u00eatre retrouv\u00e9 dans les f\u00e8ves de cacao. Le cacaoyer concentrerait ce m\u00e9tal dans des conditions de \u00ab stress \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire en cas de s\u00e9cheresse, o\u00f9 s\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 plant\u00e9 sur des sols trop pauvres pour assurer ses besoins \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires. Il est donc particuli\u00e8rement important d\u2018une part d\u2019\u00e9tudier les sols avant de mettre en place une parcelle, et d\u2019autre part de cr\u00e9er un environnement sain et favorable au cacaoyer, dans lequel il ne manque de rien.<\/p>\n<p>Une plantation de cacaoyers durable se r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit pour \u00eatre le meilleur compromis entre un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me forestier et un espace agricole et cultiv\u00e9. Un travail passionnant, int\u00e9grant des consid\u00e9rations scientifiques et agronomiques, mais aussi sociales et culturelles. Il existe ainsi autant de syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers que de plantations !<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Penser une plantation de cacao Bien avant la mise en terre du premier plant, il est ainsi n\u00e9cessaire de penser une plantation de cacao. Dans le cadre du lancement de Forestera, nous initions une s\u00e9rie d\u2019articles sur les points cl\u00e9s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la culture (responsable) du cacao : le choix des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s, le design d\u2019une [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les conditions d\u2019un agrosyst\u00e8me \u00e0 cacao performant - Amasisa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amasisa.com\/les-conditions-dun-agrosysteme-a-cacao-performant\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les conditions d\u2019un agrosyst\u00e8me \u00e0 cacao performant - Amasisa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Penser une plantation de cacao Bien avant la mise en terre du premier plant, il est ainsi n\u00e9cessaire de penser une plantation de cacao. 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